Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than one-thousandth that of the Sun but is two and a 
half times the mass of all of the other planets in our Solar System combined.
The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding the planet is a faint planetary ring system and a powerful magnetosphere. There are also at least 63 moons, including the four large moons called the Galilean moons that were first discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610.
Saturn Saturn, along with Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets. Saturn is named after the Roman god. 
Saturn has a prominent system of rings, consisting mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. Sixty-one known moons orbit the planet, not counting hundreds of "moonlets" within the rings. The ring extends from 6 630 km to 120 700 km above Saturn’s equator. Averaging approximately 20 meters in thickness, rings are composed of 93 percent water ice with a smattering of tholin impurities, and 7 percent amorphous carbon. The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust to the size of a small automobile.
UranusUranus is the third-largest and fourth most massive planet in the Solar System. It is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus. Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five classical planets, 
it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit. Sir William Herschel announced its discovery in 1781, expanding the known boundaries of the Solar System for the first time in modern history. Uranus was also the first planet discovered with a telescope. It has 27 known moons and a thin Saturn-like ring sistem. Uranus is similar in composition to Neptune, and both have different compositions from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn. 
NeptuneNeptune is named for the Roman god of the sea. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its larger near-twin Uranus. Discovered in 1846, Neptune was the first planet found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. 
Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently found within a degree of the predicted position, and its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter. None of the planet’s remaining 12 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. It also has a thin ring system.
Earth
Earth is the largest of the non-gas (terrestrial) planets in the Solar System in terms of diameter, mass and density. It is also referred to as the World, the Blue Planet, and Terra. Home to millions of species, 
Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist.
Earth interacts with other objects in outer space, including the Sun and the Moon. The Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular to its orbital plane, producing seasonal variations on the planet’s surface with a period of one tropical year (365.24 solar days). Earth’s only natural satellite, the Moon provides ocean tides, stabilizes the axial tilt and gradually slows the planet’s rotation.
Venus
Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty. After the Moon, it is the brightest natural object in our night sky. Because Venus is an inferior planet from Earth, it never appears to venture far from the Sun: its elongation reaches a maximum of 47.8°. 
Venus is often called the Morning Star or the Evening Star.
Classified as a terrestrial planet, it is sometimes called Earth’s "sister planet" because they are similar in size, gravity, and bulk composition. Venus is covered with an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds of sulfuric acid, preventing its surface from being seen from space in visible light. Venus has the densest atmosphere of all the terrestrial planets, consisting mostly of carbon dioxide. It has no natural satellites.
MarsThe planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It is also referred to as the "Red Planet" 
because of its reddish appearance, due to iron oxide prevalent on its surface. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth. It is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. In addition to its geographical features, Mars’ rotational period and seasonal cycles are likewise similar to those of Earth.
Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids.
Mercury
Mercury is the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar System. The orbit of Mercury has the highest eccentricity of all the Solar System planets, and it has the smallest axial tilt. 
Mercury is bright when viewed from Earth, but is not easily seen as its greatest angular separation from the Sun is only 28.3°. Since Mercury is normally lost in the glare of the Sun, unless there is a solar eclipse, Mercury can only be viewed in morning or evening twilight.
Mercury is similar in appearance to the Moon: it is heavily cratered with regions of smooth plains, has no natural satellites and no substantial atmosphere. However, unlike the moon, it has a large iron core, which generates a magnetic field about 1% as strong as that of the Earth.Ganymede is a moon of Jupiter and the largest moon in the Solar System. It is the seventh moon and third Galilean moon from Jupiter. It is larger in diameter than the planet Mercury but has only about half its mass. It has the highest mass of all planetary satellites with 2.01 times the mass of our moon.
Ganymede is composed primarily of silicate rock and water ice. It is a fully differentiated body with an iron-rich, liquid core. A saltwater ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede’s surface, sandwiched between layers of ice. 
Ganymede is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, likely created through convection within the liquid iron core. The meager magnetosphere is buried within Jupiter’s much larger magnetic field. The satellite has a thin oxygen atmosphere that includes O, O2, and possibly O3 (oxygen and ozone). Ganymede’s discovery is credited to Galileo Galilei, who observed it in 1610 along with Callisto, Io and Europa. 
TitanTitan is the largest moon of Saturn, the only moon known to have a dense atmosphere, and the only object other than Earth for which clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found. Titan is the sixth 
ellipsoidal moon from Saturn. Frequently described as a planet-like moon, Titan is larger by volume than the smallest planet, Mercury, although only half as massive. Titan was the first known moon of Saturn, discovered in 1655 by the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens.
Titan is primarily composed of water ice and rocky material. The surface is geologically young; although mountains and several possible cryovolcanoes have been discovered, it is smooth with few impact craters. The atmosphere of Titan is largely composed of nitrogen, and its climate includes methane and ethane clouds. With its liquids (both surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan is viewed as analogous to the early Earth, although at a much lower temperature. 
CallistoCallisto is the third-largest moon in the Solar System. It has about 99% the diameter of the planet Mercury but only about a third of its mass. It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites—Io, Europa and Ganymede. Callisto rotates synchronously with its orbital period, so the same face is always turned toward Jupiter.
Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ices. The surface of Callisto is heavily cratered and 
extremely old. It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics, earthquakes or volcanoes. It has an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen. The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbor life, which is more likely on nearby Europa. 
IoIo is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter. It was named after Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of the lovers of Zeus. With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is 
the most geologically active object in the Solar System. This extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io’s interior by Jupiter’s varying pull. Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km. Io’s surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Everest. Io’s volcanic plumes and 
lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various colors. Numerous extensive lava flows, several longer than 500 kilometres in length, also mark the surface. The materials produced by this volcanism provide material for Io’s thin, patchy atmosphere and boosts Jupiter’s extensive magnetosphere.
MoonThe Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. The centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 kilometres, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth.
The Moon’s diameter is a little more than a quarter of that of the Earth. Thus, the Moon’s surface area is less than a tenth of the Earth (about a quarter of Earth’s land area, as large as Russia, Canada, and the United States combined). 
The Moon is the only celestial body on which human beings have made a manned landing. Soviet Union’s Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft on September 13, 1959. NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972 – the first being Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969. 
Europa Like all the Galilean satellites, Europa is named after a lover of Zeus, the Greek counterpart of Jupiter. Europa is similar in bulk composition to the terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of silicate rock. 
It has an outer layer of water thought to be around 100 km thick; some as frozen-ice upper crust, some as liquid ocean underneath the ice. Europa is one of the smoothest objects in the Solar System. There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young. Europa’s icy crust gives it an albedo (light reflectivity) of 0.64, one of the highest of all moons. This would seem to indicate a young and active surface; the surface is about 20 to 180 million years old.
Europa’s unlit interior is now considered to be the most likely location for extant extraterrestrial life in the Solar System. Life could exist in its under-ice ocean, perhaps subsisting in an environment similar to Earth’s deep-ocean hydrothermal vents or the Antarctic Lake Vostok.
TritonTriton is the largest moon of the planet Neptune, discovered on October 10, 1846 by William Lassell. It is the only large moon in the Solar System with a retrograde orbit, which is an orbit in the opposite direction to its planet’s rotation. Triton comprises more than 99.5% of all the mass known to orbit Neptune, including the planet’s rings and twelve other known moons. Because of its retrograde orbit (unique in the Solar System for an object of its size)
and composition similar to Pluto’s, Triton is thought to have been captured from the Kuiper belt. Triton consists of a crust of frozen nitrogen over an icy mantle believed to cover a substantial core of rock and metal. Triton is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to be geologically active. As a consequence, its surface is relatively young, with a complex geological history revealed in intricate and mysterious cryovolcanic and tectonic terrains. Part of its crust is dotted with geysers believed to erupt nitrogen. 
ErisEris is the largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth-largest body known to orbit the Sun directly. 
It was discovered by the team of Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David Rabinowitz in 2005. They have been scanning for large outer solar system bodies for several years, and had been involved in the discovery of several other large TNOs, including 50000 Quaoar, 90482 Orcus, and 90377 Sedna.
More observations revealed that Eris had a moon, later named Dysnomia. It’s orbit permitted scientists to determine the mass of Eris, which they calculated to be 27% greater than Pluto. Eris is named after the goddess Eris, a personification of strife and discord. 
PlutoPluto is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System (after Eris) and the tenth-largest body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Classified as a planet from its 1930 discovery until 2006, Pluto is now considered the largest member of a distinct population called the Kuiper belt.
Like other members of the Kuiper belt, Pluto is composed primarily of rock and ice and is relatively small: approximately a fifth the mass of the Earth’s 
Moon and a third its volume. It has an eccentric and highly inclined orbit. This causes Pluto periodically to come closer to the Sun than Neptune. Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, are sometimes treated together as a binary system because the barycentre of their orbits does not lie within either body. Pluto has two known smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, discovered in 2005.
Pluto was considered the Solar System’s ninth planet for 76 years. 
TitaniaTitania was discovered by William Herschel in 1787, it is named after the queen of the fairies in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Its orbit lies inside Uranus’ magnetosphere.
Titania consists of approximately equal amounts of ice and rock, and is likely differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle, with possible layer of liquid water at the boundary. 
The surface of Titania, which is relatively dark and slightly red in color, appears to have been shaped by both impacts and endogenic processes. Its impact craters reach 326 km in diameter, but is less heavily cratered than the surface of Uranus’ outermost moon, Oberon. Titania probably underwent an early endogenic resurfacing event that obliterated its older, heavily cratered surface. Titania’s surface is cut by a system of enormous canyons and scarps; the result of the expansion of its interior during its later evolution. 
Rhea Rhea is named after the Titan Rhea of Greek mythology, "mother of the gods". Rhea is an icy body with a low density, which indicates that it is made of ~25% rocks and ~75% water ice. 
While Rhea is the ninth largest moon, it is only the tenth most massive moon.
Rhea is covered with craters, including several large impact basins such as Tirawa. It also has bright wispy markings on its surface. The leading hemisphere is heavily cratered and uniformly bright. As on Callisto, the craters lack the high relief features seen on the Moon and Mercury.
OberonOberon is the outermost major moon of the planet Uranus. Discovered by William Herschel in 1787, Oberon is named after a character in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Its orbit lies partially outside Uranus’s magnetosphere.
Oberon consists of approximately equal amounts of ice and rock, and is likely differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle. A layer of liquid water may be present 
at the core/mantle boundary. The surface of Oberon, which is dark and slightly red in color, appears to have been primarily shaped by asteroid and comet impacts. It is covered by numerous impact craters reaching 210 km in diameter. Oberon possesses a system of canyons (scarps) formed as a result of the expansion of its interior during its early evolution. This moon probably formed from the accretion disk that surrounded Uranus just after the planet’s formation. 
Planet XDiscoveries of new objects in Solar System is not going to slow any time soon. 
We have recently learned about several new Pluto-like objects, (or dwarf planets), that orbit the Sun at great distances. Sedna, a dwarf planet candidate with radius of ~800 km has an excentric path and orbital period of about 12,000 years. 
For most of it’s orbital period it is outside of area we currently can observe. Planet X theory predicts it could even cross the path of inner Solar planets. With estimated 200 to 2000 dwarf planets that are yet to be discovered, anything is possible. 
of hydrogen nuclei into helium. 
